How to Add References to a Resume in 2025 (And Should You Even Bother?)

For a long time, adding references to your resume was standard practice. But in 2025, that’s shifted. What once made sense is now considered a dated practice that takes up valuable space better used to spotlight your most relevant skills. Since reference checks typically occur later in the hiring process, you should not put references on your resume unless they’re specifically requested.

That said, there are situations where you’ll need them—like when a job posting or industry requires it. In those cases, knowing how to format and present references correctly can help your application stand out. This guide covers when to include references, the types to use, and best practices for formatting them.

Importance of professional references

References are the people who can best vouch for your professional success and experience.

But they aren't just an endorsement.

References are also a catalyst for career growth and success—offering a tangible record of your capabilities and a glimpse into your character, work ethic, and potential cultural fit. Having the right references can open doors to new opportunities.  

As Dan Bentivenga, a senior technical recruiter, puts it: "Employers aren't just trying to find the best fit for the job. They're trying to find the best fit with the least amount of risk…When you're able to provide references, people willing to publicly vouch for you and put your reputation on the line, that "de-risks" your application, making the potential employer feel more confident selecting you to interview."

For hiring managers, references validate the claims you've made in your resume and during the interview process. They provide an external perspective and give weight to the achievements and skills you've highlighted.

Track your references with Teal

Want to save all of your references in one central location without having to worry about messy spreadsheets, losing cell phone contacts, or updating across platforms?

With Teal's Contacts Tracker you can keep track of details like the last time you contacted someone. You can also automatically assign dates to follow up in the same place where you manage your entire job search and write your resume!

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Should you put references on a resume in 2025?

Short answer: No. You shouldn’t include references on your resume unless they’re specifically requested.

Traditionally, resume references were considered an important part of the application process. But in today’s hiring world, that’s changed. Listing references on your resume is considered outdated and often wastes space you could use for your most relevant skills.

That means most of the time, adding references upfront won’t help your application and can even distract from your most relevant achievements. If the rest of your resume doesn't align with what they're looking for, references won’t help. And if you do make it to the next stage, most recruiters will ask for references at that point.

Resume best practices in 2025 highlight how important your resume “real estate” is. Every word should showcase the top 10% of your experience that’s most relevant to the role. Adding references upfront doesn’t support that goal—it only takes away space from your strongest accomplishments.

Simply put? You shouldn't include references on a resume. (And the same guideline applies to your cover letter, too!)

💡 According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, reference checks are usually conducted near the end of the hiring process—after the field has already been narrowed to a few finalists.

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When should you include references on a resume?

While excluding resume references is the general rule, there might be some very specific circumstances where including a resume reference list, or letter of recommendation is acceptable or required.

For example, if the job description asks you to provide references, then you should.

Some industries or jobs—think agencies or therapists—also request client testimonials or professional references during the initial application process.

Providing a resume references section or a separate references page is acceptable in these rare instances.

💡 Most universities and career centers such as UC Davis and Boston University recommend preparing a separate list of 3–5 references, but only providing it when requested—typically after an interview or just before an offer is made.

How to add references to a resume

If you’re asked to include references, list them on a separate page with each person’s name, job title, company, relationship to you, phone number, and email address.

Sample format:

• Full Name  
• Job Title, Company  
• Phone Number  
• Email Address  
• Relationship (e.g., direct supervisor, mentor)  
• Optional: Short context (1–2 lines about how they know you)

Here are some resume references examples of how listing professional references might look.

References for Belle Deshowdilon

Madi Smith (preferred contact)

• Former CEO and Chair, TechWiz
• 206.555.5555
• [email protected]
• Mentor
• Madi coached and mentored me in my early career while I worked at her firm.

Ryan Peshias

• Chief Marketing Officer, SavTech
• 411.623.8974
• [email protected]
• Direct Supervisor
• Ryan oversaw the marketing department during my time at SavTech.

Note: If you're including more than one reference, be sure to format each of them exactly the same way.

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What are the main types of references?

Job references (or character references) usually fit into three categories. Sometimes, an employer will ask for specific types; in others, you'll have to decide what makes the most sense.

1. Professional references 

Professional resume references are people in your professional network. They could be coworkers, managers, industry peers, or someone you often go to for career advice or guidance, like a mentor.

A good professional reference will know:

• You (who you are, your basic professional temperament)
• Your capabilities (the jobs and skills you've demonstrated)
• Your value (why the recruiter should hire you)

Choose professional references who know you well and can speak to the work you'll be doing in the new position. 

Often, this would be your direct manager, a former manager at a former employer, a career coach, or a former colleague who has worked closely with you. Anyone in your professional network who can vouch for your job performance and work experience to a potential employer could be a good choice.

But, be mindful that professional references can be challenging to navigate.

If you don't want your current employer to know you're looking elsewhere, you might not be able to choose your direct supervisor.  

If you don't see any obvious choices, consider those who can only speak positively to your relevant professional skills, even if they've seen those skills in a different context.

2. Academic references 

Academic resume references are those who know you from an educational setting. It could be a high school guidance counselor, a college professor, or even a thesis advisor.

Typically, you'll need to provide an academic reference for entry-level jobs where the employer doesn't expect applicants to have much professional experience. (These also tend to show up in academic job listings.)

Choosing an academic reference is usually straightforward:

Select someone from your academic career who knows you and your educational background well. You also want to select someone from whom you earned your highest academic credential, if possible.

3. Personal references 

A personal reference is any other person who knows you but doesn't fall into the professional or academic categories. 

Some jobs (such as those in the government or military) want to hear from people who've known you for a long time. This might include friends you grew up with (or even their parents). In these cases, the prospective employer will probably give specific instructions.

If it's up to you to choose a personal reference, think through the people who know you personally. If you can list someone with some social standing or high degree of trust (like a well-known businessperson, civil servant, or community leader), doing so might be a good strategy.

👉 If you’re also curious about how references compare to recommendation letters, check out our guide on reference letter vs. recommendation letter.

How to request a reference

Figuring out who to use as a reference is tricky enough; now, you need to ask them whether they are willing to be a reference. 

Yes, requesting references can feel awkward—but a small amount of discomfort now is better than a lot later.

Ask permission, not forgiveness 

Reach out to a prospective reference before listing them anywhere, and make sure they are willing to serve in this way.

Verify contact information 

The contact information you have for your reference might be too personal (e.g., [email protected]) or too professional (e.g., a business-only phone extension).

Asking your reference what contact information they want to be included is courteous (and it'll help get a faster response when prospective employers reach out to them).

Choose wisely

Make sure you're asking people who truly know you well. Your CEO might seem like a prestigious reference, but if you've only spoken once, two years ago, they might not be a good reference (or a willing one!).

Here's how Kristina Drobocky Baitoo, a career coach, aptly explains it:

"Don't let your references be unprepared. They are doing you a favor by taking time out of their day or personal time to speak to someone. 

Provide them with the job description. Tell them what you know from the interviews. Remind them of your work and how their insight could help you land the job. Always close the call or email by verifying they are comfortable."

Maintain family boundaries

Unless your mother or father is the CEO, family members don't belong on your reference list.

If in doubt, don't

If you're unsure how a person feels about you, don't reach out.

You want to be sure the people you list as references will actually say good things about you, not bring up that argument you had last February!

Best Practices for resume references 

1. Don't use phrases like "reference available upon request"

While it might have a formal or professional ring, this phrase isn't useful. 

Typically, including "reference available upon request" is just as unnecessary as including the references themselves. Both take up valuable space.

If a prospective employer makes it clear they want references early on, give them references. Don't just tell them you could provide that information.

2. Maintain relationships with your references

It's vital to maintain relationships with anyone you're using as a reference—and to let them know you've put their contact information on a job application.

Put yourself in the reference's shoes for a minute. 

Imagine you're a high-powered executive, senior manager, or academic advisor. Your cell phone rings, and you don't recognize the number. 

How often are you picking up that call?

Instead, you let it go to voicemail. Later, you check the voicemail and find out that someone at a company name you've never heard of is asking you for a reference for someone else you hardly remember. It's been years since you were in contact with the candidate.

How strong of a reference would you give—or would you even call the recruiter back?

Here's the point: Your reference is only valuable if they give a good impression of you. If they don't respond to the recruiter or sound baffled, then the reference is doing more damage than if you hadn't given one at all.

3. Limit references to 3-5 contacts

How many references do you need? No recruiter wants to get hit with a list of references that rivals the company directory in length. And the more you include, the harder it will be to keep those relationships current.

Consider three references to be the minimum number. Usually, somewhere around three to five separate references is an ideal number.

4. Use a dedicated resume reference page

If you're including references with your resume (because the job posting explicitly calls for them), make them stand out by placing them on a dedicated separate document or reference sheet.

This way, if your second page gets lost or overlooked, you'll still be giving the recruiter everything essential. When they ask about the missing references, you can point out the second page.

Keeping your references on a separate page also makes it easier for people to handle and share your resume. If they don't care about references, they can simply ignore them. 

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For more tips on creating a strong, professional resume, explore our full guide on resume best practices.

Keep track of references and streamline your job search

Gathering the right set of professional references is an important step in the job search journey. 

Storing their contact information in one easy-to-access location like the Contacts Tracker is convenient and efficient because it ensures that you're organized, reduces the risk of misplacing crucial details, and allows quick retrieval when tailoring applications or responding to potential employers.

This centralized approach can expedite the hiring process (and leave a positive impression on hiring managers!).

And just like an organized reference system can elevate your professional image and streamline the application process, a well-crafted resume is also a key piece in showcasing your expertise and fit for a role.

Teal is an end-to-end career growth platform with a built-in Resume Builder and Job Application Tracker so you can easily create a tailored resume that stands out from the rest every time you hit apply.

Ready to streamline your professional contacts and get one step closer to that dream job?

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Sign up for your free Teal account today.

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